The Parks-Bielschowsky three-step test is a diagnostic procedure used to isolate which cyclovertical extraocular muscle underacting in cases of vertical strabismus. Visit the Eye Care Calculators page to use the three-step tool.
The Parks-Bielschowsky three-step test is a diagnostic procedure used to isolate which cyclovertical extraocular muscle underacting in cases of vertical strabismus. Visit the Eye Care Calculators page to use the three-step tool.
three-step test
Sources
American Academy of Ophthalmology. 2020. Pediatric Ophthalmology/Strabismus: Basic and Clinical Science Course. San Francisco: American Academy of Ophthalmology.
Ansons, A.M. and Davis, H. eds. 2014. Diagnosis and management of ocular motility disorders. 4th ed. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
Kushner, B.J. 1989. Errors in the three-step test in the diagnosis of vertical strabismus. Ophthalmology, 96(1), pp.127-132.
Noorden, G.K. and Campos, E.C. 2002. Binocular vision and ocular motility: theory and management of strabismus. 6th ed. St. Louis: Mosby.
Rutstein, R. and Daum, K. 1997. Anomalies of Binocular Vision: Diagnosis & Management. St. Louis: Mosby.
Rowe, F.J. 2012. Clinical orthoptics. 3rd ed. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
Von Noorden, G.K. and Campos, E.C. 2002. Binocular vision and ocular motility: theory and management of strabismus. 6th ed. St. Louis: Mosby.